Macular laser photocoagulation in the management of diabetic macular edema: Still relevant in 2020?

Marcelo Zas; Mariano Cotic; Max Wu; Andres Wu; Lihteh Wu

doi:10.4103/tjo.tjo_16_20

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Year : 2020 \| Volume : 10 \| Issue : 2 \| Page : 87-94

Macular laser photocoagulation in the management of diabetic macular edema: Still relevant in 2020? Marcelo Zas¹, Mariano Cotic¹, Max Wu², Andres Wu³, Lihteh Wu⁴ ¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Jose de San Martin Clinics Hospital, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, USA ² Department of Ophthalmology, Jose de San Martin Clinics Hospital, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Macula, Vitreous and Retina Associates of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, USA ³ Macula, Vitreous and Retina Associates of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, USA ⁴ Macula, Vitreous and Retina Associates of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica; Macula, Vitreous and Retina Associates of Costa Rica, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA Correspondence Address: Dr. Lihteh Wu Asociados de Macula, Vitreoy Retina de Costa Rica, Primer Piso, Torre Mercedes, Paseo Colon, San Jose, Costa Rica Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_16_20

Macular laser photocoagulation (MLP) is inferior to intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors in the treatment of center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME). Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography-guided laser photocoagulation to presumed ischemic areas of the peripheral retina or MLP do not reduce the treatment burden nor improve the visual outcomes of eyes treated with anti-VEGF drugs. Destruction of retinal tissue is not necessary to induce a therapeutic response in DME. Modern lasers are capable of producing invisible laser “burns” that do not destroy the targeted tissue using micropulse subthreshold (ST) mode where the laser's duty cycle is modified or alternatively selective retinal therapy (SRT) where ultrashort pulses of continuous wave laser selectively target the RPE. The best results with micropulse ST laser are obtained in eyes with a central macular thickness ≤400 μm. Eyes need to be treated in a continuous manner with no spaces between burns in the edematous area. Micropulse ST-MLP downregulates inflammatory biomarkers produced by activated microglial cells and Müller cells. Micropulse ST-MLP may reduce the anti-VEGF injection burden in DME. In SRT, the diseased RPE is targeted and heated with the laser with the hope that the adjacent RPE migrates and proliferates into these areas to heal the diseased RPE. There is much less experience with SRT, but the results are promising and deserve further study.



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